Study Of Public Policy Making And Discuss And Explain The...

PP Question 3 Please provide definitions of the following theoretical approaches to the study of public policy making and discuss and explain the policy categories listed below. You must cite an example for each of the policy category types. A. Policy Theoretical Approaches: †¢ Group theory- public policy is the product of the group struggle. Some public policies are born out of group struggle. When a group seeks government intervention it becomes an interest group. The main requirement is for the group to have access to the right people, which requires being well-organized, excellent leadership, and little competition, which will give a good chance of getting the public policy approved. As a result, the dominant will gain the†¦show more content†¦Disadvantage – the policy agenda concerns or issues of the elite may not reflect the issues or concerns of the greater community. †¢ Political Systems Theory – public policy where the environment consists of phenomenona that are external to the political system. Its inputs are demands and support and its outputs are laws and decisions. Public policy is created because political systems respond to the rising demands from the environment. All the important decisions and bargaining happens outside the government in the environment. An example: disgruntled voters in a nation decide to turn to violence in order to get their voice out. This is a demand. The government officials talk among themselves and gather internal feedback. Then this demand is changed into an output with a reward such as services and opportunities as well as deprivations such as taxes and imprisonment. Easton believed that the input was necessary because the government needs to generate internal feedback and then support for that internal feedback in order to create laws and run the country. Advantage – action taken by citizen are heard. Disadvantage - Theory can be considered relatively abstract (theoretical) †¢ Rational Choice Theory – this public policy argues that policymaker’s pursuit there own self-interest instead of any national-interest. Policy is meant to maximize social gain unless the cost exceed it benefits. For instance, the Trump Administration Executive Order on the ImmigrationShow MoreRelatedThe Healthcare Industry Face And Ways3472 Words   |  14 Pages â€Æ' Abstract During this research I will discuss the challenges that the Healthcare Industry face and ways to mitigate these risks. It will also discuss security safeguards that will assist with preventing data breaches, from physical security up to network security. 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The Evolution Of The Pc And Microsoft Essay - 785 Words

The Evolution of the PC and Microsoft nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Xerox, Apple, IBM, and Compaq all played major roles in the development of the Personal Computer, or  ³PC, ² and the success of Microsoft. Though it may seem so, the computer industry did not just pop-up overnight. It took many years of dedication, hard-work, and most importantly, thievery to turn the personal computer from a machine the size of a Buick, used only by zit-faced  ³ nerds, ² to the very machine I am typing this report on. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Xerox started everything off by creating the first personal computer, the ALTO, in 1973. However, Xerox did not release the computer because they did not think that was the direction the industry was†¦show more content†¦So they developed a process called  ³open architecture. ² Open architecture meant buying all the components separately, piecing them together, and then slapping the IBM name on it. It was quite effective. Now all IBM needed was software. Enter Bill Gates. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gates, along with buddy Paul Allen, had started a software company called Microsoft. Gates was one of two major contenders for IBM. The other was a man named Gary Kildall. IBM came to Kildall first, but he turned them away (He has yet to stop kicking himself) and so they turned to Big Bad Bill Gates and Microsoft. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Microsoft would continue supplying IBM with software until IBM insisted Microsoft develop Q/DOS, which was compatible only with IBM equipment. Microsoft was also engineering Windows, their own separate software, but IBM wanted Q/DOS. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By this time, PC clones were popping up all over. The most effective clone was the Compaq. Compaq introduced the first BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) chip. The spearheaded a clone market that not only used DOS, but later Windows as well, beginning the incredible success of Microsoft. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With all of these clones, Apple was in dire need of something new and spectacular. So when Steve Jobs got invited to Xerox to check out some newShow MoreRelatedLenovo S20 All Of One Pc1245 Words   |  5 PagesSetup 1 Lenovo S20 All-in-One PC Contains an Intel Pentium quad core processor, along with 4GBs of RAM along with this there is a 500GB of storage that means it has enough memory to store the files and storage that’s needed, it has a windows 8.1 operating system however this can be upgraded to windows 10 due to it being free for 2015, a keyboard and mouse is not needed as it comes with it. Microsoft Office 365 Home, Licence Card, 5 Users, 1 year subscription (PC/Mac) Contains windows 365,Read MoreMac vs. PC Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagessuperior to the PC Intel based platforms. 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Pushing the envelope of product design Read MoreData Communications And Computer Networking1682 Words   |  7 PagesOpenness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Programmability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Self-organizing mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 The Xbox One is a gaming console made by Microsoft, Inc. It is in the middle of its product life, 2 years old at the time of this paper. The success of the original Xbox, and Xbox 360 provided a platform for Xbox one to succeed and capture market share for competition - Sony PS3 and Nintendo. XboxRead MoreCompare and Contrast Windows 7 vs. Linux774 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased their share of the available market with Linux currently holding about 20% (Galli, 2007). As noted by Windows History (2006), many long-time PC users trace the Microsoft Windows operating system to the 1990 release of Windows 3.0, the first widely popular version of Windows and the first version of Windows many PC users ever tried. However, Microsoft initially announced the Windows product seven years earlier and released the first version in 1983. In its early offerings, Windows was still based

Communication and Leadership over the Worldâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Do Communication and Leadership over the World? Answer: Introducation In every business organization all over the world, a deep relationship can be seen between the aspects of communication and leadership. It has been seen all over the world that the effective leaders have six basic functions in the business organizations; they are leading, planning, organizing, staffing, controlling and communication (Bearman et al. 2012). Among all these six aspects, communication is considered as the golden thread that ties all the six aspects together. Hence, it can be said that clear communication is one of the major aspects of leadership. To be able to communicate clearly is the major trait of an effective leader. In order to be a successful leader, the focus must be on three elements; they are mission, people and teamwork. The process of effective communication positively affects all these three aspects. The first aspect is mission that sounds like a military kind of word. A clear mission is required to achieve the objective of the organization. It is the respon sibility of the leaders of the business organization to communicate the mission, vision, aim and objective of the businesses to the employees or the subordinates. For this regard, the leader needs to adopt a proper communication technique within the business organization and the communication technique must be effective. It is the duty of the leaders to ensure that all the necessary aspects about the objective of the business are properly communicated to the employees; this process assists in the process of prioritization of the tasks (Brandts, Cooper and Weber 2014). The second aspect is people and this is the most important aspect of the business organizations as the success of the businesses vastly depends on them. It is the responsibility of the leaders to make the employees prepare about what is coming. It is also the responsibility of the leaders to provide the necessary tools to the employees to fight with the upcoming uncertainties. In this process, communication plays an important part (Hackman and Johnson 2013). With the help of proper communication strategy, the organizational leaders use to commutate all the upcoming obstacles of the organization with the employees and provide them with excellent training and development programs. The third aspect is teamwork. Teamwork is a must element for the success of the organization. In this regard, the leaders need to communicate all the necessary aspects with the members of the team. In addition, they also need to provide motivational speeches to make the employees motivated. Hence, from the di scussion, it can be understood that communication plays an important part in each of the three aspects. Poor communication is considered as one of the major obstacles in the way of profit maximization. One of the major aspects of communication and leadership is the good relations. It is the responsibility of the leaders to develop and maintain effective relationship with all the members of the organization with the help of proper communications strategy (Caputo and Crandall 2012). With the assistance of effective communication strategy, the organizational leaders can solve any kind of organizational problems. Thus, it can be said that communication and leadership complements each other for the success of the organization. References Bearman, M., O'Brien, R., Anthony, A., Civil, I., Flanagan, B., Jolly, B., Birks, D., Langcake, M., Molloy, E. and Nestel, D., 2012. Learning surgical communication, leadership and teamwork through simulation.Journal of surgical education,69(2), pp.201-207. Brandts, J., Cooper, D.J. and Weber, R.A., 2014. Legitimacy, communication, and leadership in the turnaround game.Management Science,61(11), pp.2627-2645. Caputo, J.S. and Crandall, H.M., 2012. The intercultural communication cultural immersion experience: Preparing leaders for a global future.Journal of Leadership Studies,6(1), pp.58-63. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press.

The Relevant Theories About Reward Management Commerce Essay Example For Students

The Relevant Theories About Reward Management Commerce Essay Reward direction has been described as a cardinal map in HRM systems in modern organisations, and it is frequently designed to pull, retain and actuate employees ( Milkovich and Newman, 2004 cited in Yu, Ying ying and Angeles, 2011, pp 2 ) . Because of the strategic nature of human resource in the attainment of corporate ends and organisational fight ( Wright and McMahan, 1992 ) , many writers have discussed the topic of wages direction from different positions. Some of these positions focus on spliting reward systems into two classs ; Extrinsic and intrinsic wagess. Extrinsic wages systems by and large focus on offering performance-linked salary additions, pecuniary wagess, long term inducement programs, team-based wagess, and security benefits to employees ( Laursen and Foss, 2003 ) . These writers argue in favor of the values of these types of wages in hiking the morale of employees and bettering their productiveness as the same clip. The consequence of this to the organisation is better bottom line public presentation through increased gross and profitableness ( Yu, Ying Yang and Angeles, 2011 ) . Intrinsic wagess are non-monetary wagess and could come in signifier of enriching occupation duty and authorization ( Oldham and Cummings, 1996 ) , supplying preparation resources and comprehensive acquisition chances ( Hennessey and Amabile, 1998 ) , and keeping good interpersonal relationships among employees ( Ruppel and Harrington, 2000 ) . Yu, Ying and Angeles ( 2011 ) place two reward direction positions based on the above categorization and they call extrinsic wages systems, utilitarianism and intrinsic wages systems, romanticism. Harmonizing to these writers, these are the two extremely problematic theories of reward direction in the HRM field. One of the basic premises underlying the theories of reward direction is that the public presentation and motive of employees can be improved by set uping a nexus between attempts and wagess through formalised and specific single marks ( Fay and Thompson, 2001 ) . Although many writers and authors have established that there are tremendous benefits for organisations in seting in a topographic point an effectual wages direction system, some writers still warn against over-reliance on wages systems because of its possible to make several organisational issues which focus on equity and diverseness ( Beer and Cannon, 2004 ) . Many other writers have critically examined the underlying doctrines of reward direction and the variables that make up a typical wages mix. Baeten ( 2008 cited in Jonathan and Clare, 2011, pp 2 ) provides a deeper penetration into this when they argue that there are 34 different possible theories underlying a wages direction system. Eisenhardt ( 1988 cited in Jonathan and Clare, 2011, pp 3 ) nevertheless limits reward direction theories to two viz. : The bureau theory and the institutional theory. Agency theories of wages direction fundamentally seek to aline organisation and single aims. The chief purpose is to utilize indu cements to direct employees towards the involvements of the proprietors of the concern, and to plan the wages mix to reflect that. On the other manus institutional wages direction theory focuses on the formal and informal force per unit areas exerted on organisations by other organisations with which it is connected. Some of these force per unit areas could come in signifier of employment statute laws, legal demands, revenue enhancement policies, and a desire to follow the policies that others have adopted so as to derive the security that conformance is perceived to convey ( DiMaggio and Powell, 1991 ) . Finally other known theory of reward direction under the institutional categorization is normative force per unit area. This occurs when members of an organisation jointly come together to specify the conditions and methods of their plants. Outline1 4 The design of policy and set of processs2 4.1 Policy statement3 4.1.1 Procedures4 Purpose5 Scope6 Principles7 Duties8 Function9 Accountability10 4.2 Correspondence to relevant national statute law11 4.3 International deductions12 5 Evaluation of policy and processs13 5.1 Reward rating matrix14 Reward Aspect15 Measured By16 6 Decision None Provided5 Essay PaperBeginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/4390.pdf-accessed on 30-04-2011 5 Evaluation of policy and processs 5.1 Reward rating matrix Armstrong, Brown and Reilly ( 2009 ) prescribe six prosodies for measuring the success of any reward direction policy. In position of this the processs for measuring the effectivity of HP`s wages policy are set out below. Reward Aspect Measured By Reward scheme Clear wages scheme and one-year program in support of concern scheme and program Productivity and wages costs Net income, value added or gross revenues per employee Entire wage and wages costs compared with competition in the US computing machine industry Financial wages Fiscal acknowledgment for behaviors in line with scheme and values Appropriate signifiers of honoring public presentation and part in topographic point Proportion of staffs covered by methods of honoring public presentation and part Risk appraisal of fillip program design Clear presentation of return on costs of fillip Employment Ratio of occupation offers to credences Staff nonvoluntary turnover to surrender rates and keeping of high public presentation to identify skill staff Staff turnover and absence degrees Reward direction general Actual market place compared to want Equal wage reappraisals carried out and acted upon Measure, quality and frequence of wages communicating Battle and satisfaction with wagess Surveyed overall employee battle degrees Employee overall satisfaction with wage and wagess Employee sentiments that wagess are competitory Employee sentiment that public presentation is rewarded and managed efficaciously Employee sentiment on degree of apprehension of wages Directors feel reward agreements are flexible and run into their demands. 6 Decision Reward direction is an built-in portion of the step of the fight of an organisation. As a cardinal constituent of the overall human resource scheme, reward direction is cardinal to the productiveness of employees which is besides linked to the overall profitableness of an organisation, every bit good as its long term endurance. It is no longer plausible to believe that a good crafted scheme can present an organization`s nucleus values without affecting the component of employee wages direction. Available and bing research in this country suggests a strong nexus between the effectivity of schemes with the engagement of an appropriate wages system ( Richard and Ralph, 2001 ) . Reward direction is progressively going a beginning of sustained competitory advantage for many organisations. The old wage construction which is based on occupation analyses, descriptions and specifications is no longer back uping the attainment of long term organisational ends and aims ( Gomez-Mejia and Balkin, 1992 ) . This study has established a clear nexus between reward direction and the sustainable attainment of organisation ends and aims through the part of extrinsically and per se motivated employees. Through an illustration of a universe category organisation the function of a wages policy and its rating standard has been discussed with a position to set uping a nexus between attempts and wagess through formalised and specified marks ( Kessler and Purcell, 1992, cited in Giovanni and Tommasso, 2011, pp 2 ) . In set uping the wages policy for an organisation, the organization`s corporate aims are of import inputs to the full procedure, and an alliance between these purpose and aims and the wages policy is strategically of import to the effectivity of the wages policy

Catcher In The Rye Essays (695 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye In the book, Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caufield, the main character is a negatively charged person, doesn't want himself or others around him to grow up, and suffers from depression because of his brothers death. This is obviously Holden's way of alienating the entire world and delaying the consequences of facing reality. Alienation is a big theme in Catcher In The Rye, and something that Holden depends on most often. Holden Caufield is a negatively charged character as expressed on the first page of the book before Holden tells his opinion about his childhood. He says, "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like..." (Pg. 1) Holden shows here that he was negative and depressed even in his childhood years which is mainly due to his brother, Allie's death. Holden's alienation toward the world is what causes these unwanted character traits of Holden's. Holden is also a hostile character who attributes his negativity to block out others around him, and to delay the fact that he indeed will have to face reality sometime. Holden's pattern of speech, the constant expression of negativity, is a character trait Holden possesses that shows the inner pain he feels. Holden truly shows that he does not want to grow up and he does not want other children to grow up either. Holden believes that all adults are phonies, like Principal Thurmer. Holden hates phonies and that's why he doesn't want children to grow up, do they won't become phonies. Holden's hatred towards adults is due to his brother's death. Holden probably somewhat blames his parents for not stopping his younger brother's death. Holden alienated phonies or adults because of this. Holden believes that he cannot depend on adults because they are phonies like Principal Thurmer. Holden's inability to accept growing up causes much depression for Holden and makes Holden suicidal. At what time, Holden does in fact feel suicidal. "...what I really felt like, though, was committing suicide." This shows that Holden has not really accepted the fact that everyone has to grow up sometime no matter how much u don't want to because no one can stay a child forever. Holden suffers from depression due to his brother, Allie's death. This is mainly because lack of closure of his brother's death. There is one moment when Holden expresses how he talks out loud to Allie, even though he is dead. "What I did, I started talking out loud to Allie. I do that sometimes when I get very depressed." This portrays sadness to the point that Holden needs closure on his brother's death so bad that the lack of closure may even be leading to clinic depression or slight insanity on top of his being suicidal. Holden probably in some way blames himself for his brother's death due to not always letting Allie play with him when they were little. Holden feels like committing suicide at one time which shows the true depth of Holden's depression. Holden's deep depression comes from his alienation towards people in general, the way he refuses to let others deep in his heart and his inability to accept certain things such as his brother's death. Holden badly needs closure on his brother's death so he can rid himself of his deep depression and go on to inevitably grow up like the rest of the world. In conclusion, Holden is a negative character, had yet to realize that everyone has to grow up sometime, and suffers from possible clinic depression due to lack of closure on his brother's death. Holden's alienation towards the world is clearly what brings on this rejective personality of Holden's. Another aspect of Holden that drives this personality of his is his estrangement towards facing reality. This can most likely be compared to many people in the real world which is just one of the reasons why Catcher In The Rye, is such a wonderful book. Until people like Holden realize that growing up is an inevitable action in one's life and that facing reality is a must to survive life, then those people will be stuck in the world of untruth where no person can be successful and where destinies cannot be pursued until the realization that these are just stages in life that must be completed is met.

Marketing Research Project Research Paper Example

Marketing Research Project Research Paper Example Marketing Research Project Paper Marketing Research Project Paper Firstly we would like to thanks Almighty Allah who has given us the opportunity and grace to see every new day and made it possible for us to accomplish the final project Clothing direct by Sir Name Sheikh; the adviser of Marketing Research Project whose hard working and courageous support has made us able thus, clothing can help represent our personal identity. Shopping for clothes is one of the popular pastimes among people from all ages, different genders and cultural backgrounds. Owing to the proliferation of brands in the clothing sector, consumers need to take serious consideration during the buying processes. As mentioned by Rapport and Gasworks (2003), the arching processes can be divided into three stages, namely pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase. Each stage is of equal importance that can alter the consumer buying decision. Once consumers make a purchasing decision, consumers may need to recognize their personal needs, read product information, decide which and where to buy, determine whether to buy again from the same retailer, choose the buying modes, show satisfaction to the services or product quality and finally be loyal to the brand. These highlight the complication of buying processes and the potential impact a brand could impose in between them. Several brands, under the influence of globalization and concerted efforts from media advertising, have become popular not only in their country of origin, but also in other markets with high potential. Having a strong and remarkable brand image could help establish an identity in marketplace (Asker, 1996), widen the profit margins, encourage greater intermediary co-operation as well as increase the chance for further brand extension (Delegated-Ballasted and Manure-Leman, 2005). In accordance with Delano et al. (2004), consumers appear to rely on the brand image as long as they have little knowledge about the brand. In this way, managing brand image is of utmost importance. In order to differentiate one brand from another, marketers would develop retail brands with unique image so as to continue to gain popularity and market share (Bend, 2000; Aladdin, 2001; Cornerstones and Ala, 2000). 1. 1 Branding According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), a brand is a Ã'›name term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. However, to many, a brand functions is to create awareness, reputation, reminisce and so on in the marketplace (Keller et al. 008). However, the definition of brand as offered in the Journal of Marketing Management by Professor Peter Doyle of Warwick University: A name, symbol, design, or some combination which identifies the product of a particular organization as having a substantial, differentiated advantage (OManley, 1991). 1. 2 Rationale of the research People are more conscious and aware abou t clothing fashion and everybody wants to look different and stylish in the society. Clothing is the main and important part of people lifestyle. Branded cloths are most preferable by people nowadays it is sort of status symbol in the society people are recognize by their clothing style brands plays very vital role in clothing sectors there are different varieties of brands in cloths and everyone likes according to their own choice so it is very important to know what are the factors which cause people to buy branded cloths. Brand image is also essential all promises which they want to give their customer by which they can create a strong brand image in the mind of the customer. By knowing all these points we can examine the condition of branded cloths on the mind of customer. 3 Problem statement Topic: The effects of brand image on consumer buying behavior in fashion clothing 1. 4 Aim of the study: The overall aim of this research is to identify the effects of brand image on consumer buying behavior on clothing and develop better understanding regarding their attitude towards brand names. 1. 5 Objectives of the study: To exam ine the different issues of brands and their impact in Pakistan To determine the key influences determining or undermining the effect of branded dresses in Pakistan To establish better understanding of branding theories transferability and applicability to Pakistanis clothing industry. . 6 Research Questions: 1 . What are the reasons people prefer branded cloths? 2. What are their expectations to branded cloths? 3. Which factor customers consider most while purchasing branded cloths? 1. 7 Research Hypotheses: Following hypotheses are proposed for this study on the basis of above research Ho?Brand image have positive effect on customer buying behavior in clothing. HI?Brand quality has direct relationship with customer buying. H2O=Pricing sensitivity has negative impact on customer preference. 1. 8 Significance of the Research: The importance of this research shows by the selection of a current and interesting research topic and its importance for business organizations. The findings of this study can be utilized by national fashion brands to reach and attract international consumers. By this research we can identify the factors which affect the consumer buying behavior. Also, the results of this will be useful for academia, students, and policy makers of the fashion industry. 2. 1 Introduction Consumer behavior refers to the activities in which people gain, consume and organize products and services (Blackwell et al. , 2001). Owing to the creation of brands in the recent decades, there is a growing number of researches perform in the field of consumer buying behavior. In this chapter, the literatures concerning the roles of brand and brand image are to be reviewed so as to provide a theoretical framework for the fore mentioned analysis. Brand serves a fundamental role for distinguishing goods and services from those of the competitors (Asker, 1991 ; Murphy, 1998). The evolving of brand equity underlies the importance of brand in marketing tactics and hence provides useful insights for managers and further research (Keller, 2003). . The important roles of brand Brand is a name in every consumers mind (Mooing, 1998) and it is characterized by a noticeable name or symbol which can differentiate the goods and services from the rivals (Asker, 1991; Keller, 1998). In addition to a specific brand name, a brand is also collection of products, packaging, promotion, advertising, as well as its overall presentation (Murphy, 1998). From the consumers perception, brand is a guarantor of reliability and quality in consumer products (Roman et al. , 2005). Added to this, consumers would like to buy and use brand-name products with a view to highlight heir personality in different situational framework (Asker, 1999; Fenniest and Prune, 2006). Nowadays, consumers have a wide range of choice to choose from when they enter a shopping mall. It is found that consumers emotions are one of the major determinants which affect their buying behavior (Berry, 2000). According to a research conducted by Freddie Media LLC (1998) on shopping habits, nearly one- fourth of the respondents are likely to impulse-buy clothes and accessories. When deciding which products to purchase, consumers would have their preferences, which are developed in accordance with their perceptions towards the brand. Successful branding could make consumers aware of the presence of the brand and hence could increase the chance of buying the companys products and services (Doyle, 1999). 2. 3 The characteristics of successful brands A brand can be an endless and profitable asset as long as it is maintained in a good manner that can continue satisfying consumers needs (Batcher, 1998; Murphy, 1998). Although successful brands can be totally different in nature, they share something in common, for instances well-priced products and consistent quality (Murphy, 1998). As mentioned by Levity (1983), there are four elements for building a successful brand, namely tangible product, basic brand, augmented brand and potential brand. Tangible product refers to the commodity which meets the essential needs of the customers. Basic brand, on the other hand, considers the packaging of the tangible product so as to attract the attention from the potential customers. The brand can be further augmented with the provision of credibility, effective after-sales services and the like. Finally and most importantly, a potential brand is established through engendering customer preference and loyalty. By doing so, the image of the brand could be well instilled in the customers mind. . 4 Brand equity The term brand equity refers to a set of assets and liabilities associated with a effects on the values arising from the products or services (Asker, 1991; Hasty et al. , 2007). Added to this, Keller (1998) points out that brand equity signifies the unique marketing effects imposed on the brand. Concerning the positive side of brand equity, it happens when consumers are willing to pay more for the same level of quality Just because of the attractiveness of the name attached to the product (Belle and Holbrook, 1995). However, brand equity could be ruined if it is not properly managed. For instance, poor product quality and customer services could adversely affect the brand image, giving rise to a reduction in sales volume. One of the quintessential examples regarding brand as a kind of equity is the imposition of laws to protect intellectual property (Murphy, 1998). In countries with well-established legal system, the values of brands have been recognized to both the consumers and producers. In order to combat piracy, many countries have set up laws to protect trademarks, patents, designs as well as copyright. In addition, brand is also a treatable product with measurable financial value (Murphy, 1998). For the consumers, brand equity could provide them with information about the brand which influences their confidence during the purchasing process. There is a high tendency for consumers with good perceptions to buy from the same shop again than those with poor perceptions. Past purchasing experiences and familiarity with the brand could be attributable to the perceptions generated from the consumers (Asker, 1991). As for the firm, brand equity could also be a source for the firm to generate cash flow. Besides, brand equity could also allow higher margins through premium pricing and educed reliance upon promotional activities (Asker, 1991). Owning to the positive image, consumers no longer focus on the short-term promotion but the brand on the whole. Brand equity is a broad concept which can be further subdivided into four main areas, namely brand loyalty, name awareness, perceived quality and brand associations (Asker, 1991; Keller, 1998). 2. 5 Brand awareness Brand awareness is one of major determinants of brand equity. It refers to the ability of a potential consumer to recall and recognize the brand, linking the brand with its corresponding product class (Asker, 1991). The level of brand awareness lies in a range; with brand identification being the lowest level and the first named brand with independently recall being the highest level. It is important for the potential consumers to be aware of a product so that it can become one of the purchasing choices. This is due to the fact that the product needs to enter the awareness set before it comes to the consideration set (Blackwell et al. , 2001) and an increase in brand awareness is beneficial to a higher chance of entering the later set (Indulged, 1990). In this way, brands with higher level of awareness would be more keel to be purchased (Hasty et al. , 2007). This could probably explain why consumers tend to buy a recognizable brand rather than an unfamiliar one (Hoer, 1990; Macdonald and Sharp, 2000). Several factors can alter the level of brand awareness. In case of China, its geographical location and politics could affect the consumer brand awareness level seriously. As declare by Keller (1998), brand awareness can be enhanced through repeat exposure to the brand. In order to achieve brand awareness, two tasks are to be accomplished, namely increasing brand name identity and associating it with the product class. Advertising and celebrity endorsement advertisement attitude is attributable to the influence on brand attitudes, affecting consumers intention to purchase (Mackenzie et al. , 1986; Tsar et al. , 2007). In recent decades, there is an increasing number of advertising campaigns around the world. Consumers are hence well-equipped with relative elements to Judge which product or service to purchase (Olivarez and Clavicles, 2005). Moreover, celebrity endorsement can give rise to source credibility and source attractiveness. For source credibility, as pointed out by McGuire (1978), celebrities can disseminate messages to particular nonusers and hence increase the brand awareness. As for source attractiveness, good endorsement can associate the culture of the celebrity world with the endorsed product (McCracken, 1989). This association can raise the public awareness towards the brand. 2. 6 Brand quality Another important characteristic to brand equity is quality. It is defined as the customers perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or service (Asker, 1991; Keller, 1998; Hasty, 2007). Since it is a kind of intangible, overall feeling towards a brand, it is subjective in nature and hence the knowledge of actual detailed product specifications could have little correlation with the perceived quality. Perceived quality of a brand could help generate values by providing a pivotal reason-to-buy, differentiating the position of a brand, charging premium price, motivating channel members to perform well and also introducing extensions into new brand categories (Asker, 1991). In addition, it is found that perceived quality is of utmost importance in determining brand loyalty as well as repeat purchase (Delano et al. , 2004). Nevertheless, it is becoming more difficult to obtain satisfactory bevel of perceived quality owing to the fact that fast and continuous product improvement has already strengthened consumers expectations on product quality (Sherman, 1992). Similar to brand awareness, perceived quality is determined by a number of factors. To be more specific, perceived quality can further be classified into product quality and service quality. Regarding product quality, there are seven dimensions which affect the consumers perception, namely performance, features, conformance with specifications, reliability, durability, serviceability as well as fit and knish. Service quality, on the other hand, is Judged by its corresponding tangibles, reliability, competence, responsiveness and empathy (Asker, 1991). In addition to the aforementioned dimensions, the country-of-origin of a product is found to affect its perceived quality (Chattering and Mortgagors, 1990) and also the perceptions towards the purchased value (Aimed and toasts, 1993). As mentioned by Christianson and Knott (2002), consumers are tending to develop stereotypical beliefs about the products from particular countries. Hence, consumers could have their king for products made from one country over another (Padlocks et al. , 1991). Moreover, price is one of the important clues to evaluate perceived quality (Asker, 1991). It is found that price is more relevant in Judging the perceived quality of a product given that a person lacks the ability to evaluate the quality off product. 2. 7 Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is one of the most important components of brand equity and also positively and directly affected brand equity (Italian et al. , 2005). Under the influence of brand loyalty, consumers continue to buy the brand, regardless of the superior

Applications of Epidemiology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applications of Epidemiology - Case Study Example it's that hospital-acquired infections primarily contribute to the majority of mortalities and morbidities in the hospital setting, accounting for approximately 100,000 deaths every year in the United States. As a result, on the basis of health records from Good Health Hospital, research shows that majority of nosocomial infections recently have happened prior to their identification. From the various types of nosocomial infections that were verified, a few types of infection were identified as stated below; Without a doubt, healthcare facilities and providers possess several legal obligations and duties concerning care services provided to patients under their care. Therefore, it is important for the providers and staff to execute their services with the required standards of care and professional skill. According to Mayhall (p.55), nosocomial infections present the main threat to patients in the hospital and failure to provide an environment that ensures the safety of patients will portend legal risks for the healthcare facility. It is essential for all healthcare setting leaders to be aware of hospital infections that are a critical cause of mortality and morbidity in hospitals, afflicting more than two million people annually in the United States. Thus, the healthcare administrator at the hospital should be provided with the questions below that relate to possible legal matters from nosocomial infections identified in the hospital; Can you outline the strategies that the hospital uses to minimize nosocomial infection frequency with regards to a) ventilator-associated pneumonia, b) surgical site infections, c) urinary tract infections, d) bloodstream infections Are there any protocols that are available to assist healthcare staff to deal with patients suffering from confirmed or suspected nosocomial infections in the healthcare facility.